ABSTRACT
RESUMEN La acidez del suelo limita la disponibilidad, la absorción y la concentración de nutrientes y el rendimiento del cultivo de cacao. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del pH del suelo sobre la concentración de nutrientes en hoja, cáscara y grano, para cuatro clones de cacao autocompatibles (ICS-1, CCN-51) y autoincompatibles (ICS-39, TSH-565), en el departamento del Caquetá. El diseño experimental consistió en un arreglo factorial con cuatro clones (factor A), cuatro niveles de pH y fertilidad (factor B) y cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados indican diferencias en la concentración de nutrientes por efecto del clon y tratamiento, siendo la acumulación de N, P y Mg en grano>hoja>cáscara, K en cáscara>hoja>grano, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn y B en hoja>cáscara>grano, S en cáscara>hoja>grano y Cu en grano>cáscara>hoja. La concentración de P, Mg y S fue mayor y, a su vez, menor Mn, cuando aumentó el pH. El orden de extracción nutrimental en grano fue N>K>P>Mg>S>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>B. Con relación a los clones, CCN-51 presentó habilidad para la toma de nutrientes y alcanzar mayores producciones, incluso, en suelos con pH ≥ 5,5, lo que sugiere efecto de las condiciones edafoclimáticas y, por lo tanto, la necesidad de evaluar los clones para cada zona de cultivo.
ABSTRACT The soil acidity limits availability, absorption and concentration of nutrients and yield of the cocoa crop. The objective was to evaluate the effect of soil pH on the concentration of macro and micronutrients in leaf, husk and grain for four cocoa clones, self-compatible (ICS-1, CCN-51) and self-incompatible (ICS-39, TSH-565) in the department of Caquetá. The experimental design consisted in a factorial arrangement with four clones (factor A), four pH and fertility levels (factor B) and four repetitions. The results indicate differences in the concentration of nutrients due to the effect of the clone and the treatment, being the accumulation of N, P and Mg in grain>leaf>husk, K in husk>leaf>grain, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn y B in leaf>husk>grain, S in husk>leaf>grain and Cu in grain>husk>leaf. The concentration of P, Mg and S was higher, and in turn Mn lower, when the pH increased. The order of nutrient extraction in grain was N>K>P>Mg>S>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>B. Regarding clones, CCN-51 showed ability to take nutrients and reach higher productions, even in soils with pH ≥ 5.5, suggesting effect of edaphoclimatic conditions, and therefore, the need to evaluate the clones for each growing area.
ABSTRACT
Development of a novel in vivo lung perfusion(IVLP)procedure allows localized delivery of high-dose doxorubicin(DOX)for targeting residual micrometastatic disease in the lungs.However,DOX delivery via IVLP requires careful monitoring of drug level to ensure tissue concentrations of this agent remain in the therapeutic window.A small dimension nitinol wire coated with a sorbent of biocompatible morphology(Bio-SPME)has been clinically evaluated for in vivo lung tissue extraction and determina-tion of DOX and its key metabolites.The in vivo Bio-SPME-IVLP experiments were performed on pig model over various(150 and 225 mg/m2)drug doses,and during human clinical trial.Two patients with metastatic osteosarcoma were treated with a single 5 and 7 μg/mL(respectively)dose of DOX during a 3-h IVLP.In both pig and human cases,DOX tissue levels presented similar trends during IVLP.Human lung tissue concentrations of drug ranged between 15 and 293 μg/g over the course of the IVLP procedure.In addition to DOX levels,Bio-SPME followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis generated 64 metabolic features during endogenous metabolite screening,providing information about lung status during drug administration.Real-time monitoring of DOX levels in the lungs can be per-formed effectively throughout the IVLP procedure by in vivo Bio-SPME chemical biopsy approach.Bio-SPME also extracted various endogenous molecules,thus providing a real-time snapshot of the physi-ology of the cells,which might assist in the tailoring of personalized treatment strategy.
ABSTRACT
Soft-tissue analysis has become an important component of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Photographic evaluation of an orthodontic patient is a very close representation of the appearance of the person. The previously established norms for soft-tissue analysis will vary for different ethnic groups. Thus, there is a need to develop soft-tissue facial profile norms pertaining to Indian ethnic groups. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study is to establish the angular photogrammetric standards of soft-tissue facial profile for Indian males and females and also to compare sexual dimorphism present between them. Materials and Methods: The lateral profile photographs of 300 random participants (150 males and 150 females) between ages 18 and 25 years were taken and analyzed using FACAD tracing software. Inclusion criteria were angles Class I molar occlusion with acceptable crowding and proclination, normal growth and development with well-aligned dental arches, and full complements of permanent teeth irrespective of third molar status. This study was conducted in Indian population, and samples were taken from various cities across India. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out, and sexual dimorphism was evaluated by Student's t-test between males and females. Results: The results of the present study showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) gender difference in 5 parameters out of 12 parameters in Indian population. Conclusion: In the present study, soft-tissue facial measurements were established by means of photogrammetric analysis to facilitate orthodontists to carry out more quantitative evaluation and make disciplined decisions. The mean values obtained can be used for comparison with records of participants with the same characteristics by following this photogrammetric technique.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo fue determinar las diferencias de grosor y proyección labial en hombres y mujeres mesofaciales y braquifaciales mexicanos a través del análisis de Arnett & Bergman. Se evaluaron 120 radiografías laterales de cráneo usando mediciones lineales y angulares de la cefalometría de tejidos blandos. Se evaluaron las dimensiones: plano oclusal, ángulo interincisal, grosor del labio superior e inferior, ángulo nasolabial, gap interlabial, proyección del labio superior e inferior, plano vertical nasion-menton. Para el análisis estadístico se realizó una prueba ANOVA usando el software minitab versión 15 para determinar las diferencias entre los grupos. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el plano oclusal del incisivo superior e inferior, en el ángulo interincisal, ángulo nasolabial, gap interlabial y proyecciones de labio superior e inferior. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en mujeres: grosor del labio superior (p0,007), grosor del labio inferior (p0,001) y en el plano vertical nasion-menton (p0,001); mientras que para hombres se identificó diferencia significativa en: grosor del labio inferior (p0,033), proyección de labio inferior (p0,039) y en el plano vertical nasion-menton (p0,001). Estas medidas muestran que las diferencias del biotipo facial se identifican en cambios de los tejidos blandos. Existe una diferencia en el grosor de los labios entre los individuos mesofaciales y braquifaciales.
The mean of this study was to determinate the differences between lip thickness and lip projection in mesofacial and brachyfacial patients of a Mexican population using the Arnett & Bergman cephalometric analysis. 120 cephalograms were evaluated using linear and angular measurements of the soft tissue analysis. In this study it was evaluated: occlusal plane with the upper incisive, occlusal plane with the upper incisive, interincisal angle, upper and lower lip thickness, nasolabial angle, interlabial gap, upper and lower lip projection and true vertical plane from nasion-menton. The ANOVA test was performed using Minitab (15 version) statistical analysis software to indicate the differences between the groups. No statistical significance was found in the occlusal plane with the upper and lower incisive, interincisal angle, nasolabial angle, interlabial gap and upper and lower lip projection. Statistical significance was found in women: upper lip thickness (p0.007), lower lip thickness (p0.001) and true vertical plane from nasion-menton (p0.001) and a statistical significance in men: lower lip thickness (p0.033), lower lip projection (p0.039) and true vertical plane from nasion-menton (p0.001). This measurement shows soft tissue differences between the facial growth patterns. A lip thickness difference was found between mesofacial and brachyfacial individuals.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Lip/anatomy & histology , Sex Characteristics , MexicoABSTRACT
The soft tissue profile is one of the main concerns of orthodontic treatment. Naso labial angle (NLA) is one of the soft tissue cephalometric parameters being routinely analyzed in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. A study is undertaken on the correlation of naso labial angle to effective maxillary and mandibular lengths, in patients with class II malocclusion. The mean NLA and maxillary and mandibular lengths in males and females with class II malocclusion and also the mean NLA for subjects in the different categories of crowding (Category 1 and Category 2) in patients with class II malocclusion is presented in the results. Positive correlations observed between NLA and maxillary and mandibular lengths were statistically not significant.
ABSTRACT
Three-dimensional (3-D) laser scans can provide a 3-D image of the face and it is efficient in examining specific structures of the craniofacial soft tissues. Due to the increasing concerns with the soft tissues and expansion of the treatment range, a need for 3-D soft tissue analysis has become urgent. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the scanning error of the Vivid 900 (Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) 3-D laser scanner and Rapidform program (Inus Technology Inc., Seoul, Korea) and to evaluate the mean error and the magnification percentage of the image obtained from 3-D laser scans. In addition, soft tissue landmarks that are easy to designate and reproduce in 3-D images of normal, Class II and Class III malocclusion patients were obtained. The conclusions are as follows; scanning errors of the Vivid 900 3-D laser scanner using a manikin were 0.16 mm in the X axis, 0.15 mm in the Y axis, and 0.15 mm in the Z axis. In the comparison of actual measurements from the manikin and the 3-D image obtained from the Rapidform program, the mean error was 0.37 mm and the magnification was 0.66%. Except for the right soft tissue gonion from the 3-D image, errors of all soft tissue landmarks were within 2.0 mm. Glabella, soft tissue nasion, endocanthion, exocanthion, pronasale, subnasale, nasal alare, upper lip point, cheilion, lower lip point, soft tissue B point, soft tissue pogonion, soft tissue menton and preaurale had especially small errors. Therefore, the Rapidform program can be considered a clinically efficient tool to produce and measure 3-D images. The soft tissue landmarks proposed above are mostly anatomically important points which are also easily reproducible. These landmarks can be beneficial in 3-D diagnosis and analysis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Axis, Cervical Vertebra , Diagnosis , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Lip , Malocclusion , Manikins , SeoulABSTRACT
Studies for diagnostic analysis using three-dimensional (3D) CT images are recently in progress and needs for 3D craniofacial analysis are increasing in the fields of orthodontics. It is especially essential to analyze the facial soft tissue after orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. In this study 3D CT images of adults with normal occlusion were taken to analyze the facial soft tissue. Norms were obtained from CT images of adults with normal occlusion (12 males, 11 females) using a computer program named V works 4.0 program. 3D coordinate planes were established using soft tissue Nasion as the reference point and a total of 20 reproducible landmarks of facial soft tissue were obtained using the multiple reconstructive sectional images (axial, sagittal and coronal images) of the V works 4.0 program; soft tissue Nasion, Pronasale, Subnasale, Upper lip center, Lower lip center, soft tissue B, soft tissue Pogonion, soft tissue Menton, Endocanthion (Rt/Lt), Alare lateralis (Rt/Lt), Cheilion (Rt/Lt), soft tissue Gonion (Rt/Lt), Tragus (Rt/Lt), and Zygomatic point (Rt/Lt). According to the established landmarks and measuring method, the 3D CT images of adults with normal occlusion were measured and the normal positional measurements and their Net (sigma=root(x2 + y2 + z2)) values were obtained using V surgery program. In the linear measurement between landmarks, there was a significant difference between males and females except Na'-Sn and En(Rt)-En(Lt). The normal ranges of Na'-Zy, Na'-Ch and Na'-Go' (facial depth) were obtained, which was difficult to measure by two-dimensional (2D) cephalometric analysis and facial photographs. These data may be used as references for 3D diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with malocclusion and dentofacial deformity.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Dentofacial Deformities , Diagnosis , Lip , Malocclusion , Orthodontics , Orthognathic Surgery , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
The perception of facial esthetics is critically important to orthodontists. A viewpoint to facial esthetics is influenced by various factors and dependent on the perception of observer. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences regarding esthetic viewpoints among orthodontists, to identify attractive profiles preferred to orthodontists and to present the characteristic aspects of attractive profiles upon the degree of facial convexity. 35 persons whose faces were judged as attractive one by 5 orthodontists were selected out of 133 young Korean women. Soft tissue profiles identified as a good-profile group were measured and analyzed. And then according to the facial convexity, good-profile group was subdivided to convex (G-Sn-Pg9degrees) and straight (G-Sn-Pg<9degrees) groups for the purpose of this study. There were statistically no significant differences regarding esthetic viewpoints among 5 orthodontists(p<0.05), even if there exists prevailing concept that the standard for facial esthetics is substantially subjective. N-Pg-Sn and N-Pg-Pn, measured for determining anteroposterior relationship of midfacial convexity, showed significant differences statistically between 2 subgroups (p<0.05) while nasolabial angle, labiomental angle, and vertical measurements didnt show statistically significant difference between 2 subgroups (p<0.05). And all the measurements related to lip position, H-angle, Ls to E line, Li to E line and Pg to Sn perp., had statistically significant differences between 2 subgroups (p<0.05). The results indicate that the attractive facial profile has different characteristics to be recognized as a good facial pattern, which depend strongly on anteroposterior position of nose, upper and lower lips, and chin.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Chin , Esthetics , Lip , NoseABSTRACT
The purpose of this study to analyze characteristics of soft tissue profile in Korean young adults. The sample consisted of 50 young adults (25 males and 25 females) who had pleasing and normal occlusion. Soft tissue analysis (facial convexity angle, nasolabial angle, H-angle, Z-angle, E-line to upper lip, lower lip, Sn-pog' to upper lip, lower lip) was performed on lateral cephlograms. Mean and standard deviation was obtained. When compared by other studies, mean profile of this sample was relatively straighter and both the upper and lower lips was more protrusive.